Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the response of soybean cultivars with different susceptibility levels to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica at varied time intervals by analyzing the initial plant–nematode interaction using antioxidant enzymes as oxidative stress markers. A 4 × 4 × 2 factorial method with 5 repetitions was used to analyze 4 soybean cultivars at 4 different collection times—6, 12, 24, and 48 h—with and without M. javanica inoculation. The parameters evaluated were the activities of antioxidant enzymes phenol peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX); the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA); and the number of M. javanica juveniles penetrated into each plant. H2O2 concentration varied among the cultivars with and without inoculation and at different collection times as indicated by MDA concentration and POX and APX activities, demonstrating a rapid response of the host to an infection by M. javanica. Oxidative stress caused by M. javanica did not vary among the soybean cultivars regardless of their susceptibility level; however, the antioxidant enzymes POX and APX responded according to the susceptibility level of the cultivars.

Abstract Meloidogyne javanica is among the most important nematodes that damage soybean, and although genetic resistance is the ideal control measure, there are few cultivars described as resistant among those recommended for southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the reaction of soybean cultivars to M. javanica. The inoculum of nematodes (Est. J3) was obtained from soybean plants and inoculated into tomato plants cultivar “Santa Cruz”. Thirty-seven soybean cultivars widely used in the South, Southeast and Midwest of Brazil were used in the experiment. For each plant a suspension of 5,000 eggs + juveniles of second stage of M. javanica was inoculated into a sterile soil hole in 2-liter pots with six replications. The evaluation of root weight, number of galls, number of nematodes was 60 days after M. javanica inoculation. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and the averages of each treatment were compared to each other by the Scott-Knott cluster test at 5% probability. Even though M. javanica presented RF> 1.00 in all soybean genotypes tested, different levels of susceptibility were observed. Thus, the lowest reproduction of the root-knot nematode was observed in M 5947 IPRO, HO AMAMBAY IPRO, BMX GARRA IPRO and FPS ATALANTA.

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a influência do número de gotas na penetração dos fungicidas e na sua eficácia de controle em diferentes momentos de aplicação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de Blocos ao acaso em parcelas subsubdivididas em quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas cultivares de trigo, 'Fundacep Cristalino' e 'Fundacep Nova Era'; três pontas de pulverização: XR 11002, TJ 60 11002 e TX 8002 e o tratamento controle com e sem fungicida. Foi avaliada a densidade de gotas por centímetro quadrado, diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV), severidade das doenças, peso hectolitro e produtividade da cultura. O espectro de gotas gerado pela ponta de pulverização XR 11002, nas condições do presente trabalho, apresentaram os melhores resultados em termos de deposição de gotas, controle das doenças e produtividade nas duas cultivares de trigo. O controle das manchas foliares e ferrugem -da- folha do trigo proporciona proteção do potencial produtivo da cultura, variando em função da suscetibilidade de cultivares e da cobertura e penetração de fungicidas.

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the number of drops in the penetration of fungicides and their effectiveness in control at different times of application. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split split plots, totalizing 20 treatments in four replications, consisting of two wheat cultivars ('Fundacep Cristalino' and 'Fundacep Nova Era'); three spray nozzles (XR 11002, TJ 60-11002 and TX 8002), and control with and without fungicide. Was evaluated the density of droplets per square centimeter, volume median diameter (VMD), severity of disease, test weight and yield. The spectrum of droplets generated by the spray tip XR 11002 under the conditions of this study show the best results in terms of droplet deposition, disease control and yield in both wheat cultivars. The control of leaf spot and leaf rust of wheat provides protection of crop yield potential, varying depending on the susceptibility of cultivars and fungicides coverage and penetration.